CFA Level 2 Exam 2025 – 400 Free Practice Questions to Pass the Test

The correct choice highlights that former employment with the company can present a conflict of interest, which indicates a lack of independence. When an individual has previously worked for a company, they may possess biases that stem from their previous role, such as loyalty or favorable treatment toward that organization. This past relationship can compromise objectivity when making decisions or assessments related to the company.

The other options do not suggest a lack of independence in the same way. Working solely as an employee without connections typically indicates a neutral position. Mutual agreements without prior involvement suggest that there are no previous connections that might compromise objectivity. Additionally, long-term knowledge of industry trends does not inherently detract from independence, as one may gather such information impartially over time without personal interests affecting their judgment. Thus, the former employment scenario stands out as a clear indicator of potential influence and bias.